6- Recommendation for further research
More researches should be devoted to creating a comprehensive constraint hierarchy for the LHQ. This could be accomplished by examining more constraints, for instance, constraints which regard to syllable structure. Moreover, OT is generally under-studied in Arabic countries; hence, various studies should be dedicated to applying this theory to different fields of study. For example, OT has been proposed in the fields of semantics and pragmatics, but has been rarely examined in Arabic studies.
References
Primary Source
The Holy Qurʼan
Secondary sources
Abdellah, A. S. (2003). Applying the Skeleton theory on Quranic lengthening, 1–8. Retrieved from http://www.svu.edu.eg/faculties/education/cv/manaheg/antarreasearch/research/lesanyat/Applying%20the%20Skeleton%20theory%20on%20Quranic%20lengthening.pdf.
Abdel-Hameed, S. (2009). Taysiir Al-Rahmaan fii Tajweed Al-qurʼan. Egypt: Dar At-Taqwa.
AL-Ani, S. (1970). Arabic phonology. The Hague: Mouton.
Alduais, A. (2013). Quranic Phonology and Generative Phonology : Formulating Generative Phonological Rules to Non- Syllabic Nuun's Rules.
International Journalof Linguistics. 5(1), 33-61. Retrieved from
http://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v4i1.2436.
Alfozan, A. I. (1989).
Assimilation in classical Arabic: a phonological study (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from
http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1144/.
Al-Jamzuuriy (1198) Tuɧfatu-l-ʼATfaal. Retrieved from https://maqraa.islamacademy.net/images/files/80489129.doc.
Al-Jamzuuriy (13th century AH). Al-Fatɧ ar-Raɧmaani: Sharɧ kinz Al-Maʽaany bi-Taɧriir Ӈarz Al-̕Amaany. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/abozzahraa/ss-55023842.
Al-Jazariy (798). Al-Jazariyyah. Retrieved from https://saaid.net/Anshatah/dorah/2.pdf.
Archangeli, D. (1997). Optimality Theory: An Introduction to Linguistics in the 1990s. In Diana Archangeli, D. & Langendoen, D. (Eds), Optimality Theory: An Overview (pp.1-32). Blackwell publishers.
Barlow, J. A. & Gierut, J.A. (1999). Optimality Theory in Phonological Acquisition. Journal of speech, Language and Hearing Research, 42,1482-1498.Retrieved fromhttp://www.cs.jhu.edu/~cschafer/15241_1.pdf
Boersma, p. (2000). The OCP in the perception grammar. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f69e/dbd569ce24fd354b66a18148bcb154d5fca8.pdf.
Boersma, P. & Dekkers, J. & Weijer, J. (n.d.). Optimality theory: phonology, syntax, and acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University press.
Btoosh, M. & Bin Talaal, A. (2006). Constraint Interactions in Jordanian Arabic Phonotactics: An Optimality-Theoretic Approach. Journal of Language and Linguistics, 5 (22), 192-221.
Buckley, E. (1997). Tigrinya Root Consonants and the OCP. U. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics, 4 (3), 19–51.
Chomsky, N. & Halle, M. (1968). The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row.
Cohn, A. B. (2014). Phonology: Sound Structure. Cornell Working Papers in Phonetics and Phonology, 73-100.
Cowell, M. W. (1964). A reference of grammar of Syrian Arabic with audio CD: Based on the dialect of Damascus. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
Crystal, D. (2008). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Czerepinski, K. & Swayd, A. (2000). Tajwed rules of the Qurʼan. Jeddah: (n.p.).
Davis, S. (1993). Arabic pharyngealization and phonological features. In Mushira Eid & Clive Holes (Eds.), Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics, V (149-162). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Binjamins.
Davis, S. (1995). Emphasis spread in Arabic and grounded phonology. Linguistic Inquiry, 26 (3), 465-498.
Davis, S. & Shin, S. (1999). The syllable contact constraintin Korean: An optimality theoretic analysis. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 8, 285–312. Retrieved from http://www.indiana.edu/~lingdept/faculty/davis/Davis&Shin%20JEAL%201999%20Korean%20Syllable%20Contact.pdf.
De Lacy, P. (2006). Markedness: Reduction and preservation in phonology. Rutgers University, New Jersey: Cambridge University Press.
De Lacy, P. (2007). Themes in phonology. In P. De Lacy, P. (Ed), The Cambridge handbook of phonology (pp.1-29). New York, USA: Cambridge university press.
De Lacy, p. (2010). Markedness and faithfulness constraints. In M. V. Oostendorp & C. J. Ewen & E. Hume, K. Rice (Eds.), The Blackwell's companion to phonology (pp.1491-1512). U.K.: Wiley Blackwell.
Dohlus, K. (2008). The role of phonology and phonetics in loanword adaptation:German and French: front rounded vowels in Japanese. Berlin: Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
Edzard, L. (2000). Sibawayhi’s observations on assimilatory processes and resyllabification in the light of Optimality Theory. Journal of Arabic and IslamicStudies, 3, 48–65.
Elramli, Y. (2012). Assimilation in the phonology of a Libyan Arabic dialect: a constraint-based approach (Doctoral dissertation). School of English Literature, Language and Linguistics, Newcastle University.
Frisch, S. A., Pierrehumbert, J. B., & Broe, M. B. (1997). Similarity avoidance and the OCP. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 22(1), 179–228. Retrieved from http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jpierrehumbert/publications/similarity_OCP.pdf.
Gadalla, Hassan A.H. (2000). Comparative Morphology of Standard and Egyptian Arabic. Muenchen: Lincom Europa.
Goch, V. W. (2010). The obligatory contour principle: Consonant co-occurrence restrictions in Dutch (Master dissertation). Utrecht University.
Goodman, B. (n.d.). Takelma Dissimilation and the Form of the OCP. Linguistic Society of America, pp. 41-63.
Goldsmith, J. A. (1972). Autosegmental Phonology (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/dm/theses/goldsmith76.pdf.
Goldsmith, J., (1995). The Handbook of Phonological Theory. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Gouda, A. (1988). Qurʼanic Recitation: Phonological Analysis (unpublished doctoral dissertation). Georgetown University.
Heffner, R. (1950). General Phonetics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Heselwood, B., Howard, S, & Ranjous, R. (2011). Assimilation of /l/ to /r/ in Syrian Arabic: An electropalatographic and acoustic study. In Hassan, Z, & Heselwood, B. (Eds), Instrumental studies in Arabic phonetics (pp.64-98). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Honeybone, P. (2009). Optimality theory. In Chapman, S. & Routledge, P. (Eds.),
Key Ideas in Linguistics and the Philosophy of Language (pp.145-149). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Retrieved from
http://www.mohamedrabeea.com/books/book1_10525.pdf.
Kager, R. (2001). Optimality Theory. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Kim, Y. (2002). Coda cluster simplification and its interactions with other coda processes in Korean. Working Papers of the Cornell Phonetics Laboratory, (14), 82-112.
King Saud University. Al-Musɧaf al-ʼiliktruni. Retrieved from http://quran.ksu.edu.sa/.
Ladefoged, P. (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lombardi, L. (2001). Segmental phonology in Optimality Theory: constraints and representations. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Matar, A. (2005). The phonetic assimilation in the Quran. Retrieved from https://www.google.com.eg/search?q=phonetic+assimilation+in+the+quran+by+matar+2005&oq=phonetic+assimilation+in+the+quran+by+matar+2005.
Matthews, P. (2007). The concise Oxford dictionary of linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McCarthy, J. (1986). OCP Effects: Gemination and antigemination. Linguistic Inquiry, 17, 207-263.
McCarthy, John (1988). Feature geometry and dependency. A review. Phonetica, 45, 84-108.
McCarthy, J. J., & Prince, A. (1995). Faithfulness and Reduplicative Identity. University of Massachussets Occasional Papers in Linguistics, 18, 249–384.
McCarthy, J. (2002). A Thematic Guide to Optimality Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McCarthy, J. (2008). Doing optimality. Oxford, UK: Blackwell publishers.
McCarthy, J. (2011). Autosegmental spreading in optimality theory. Linguistics Department Faculty Publication Series, 1-31 Retrieved from http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=linguist_faculty_pubs.
Mustafawi, E. (2011). The OCP as a synchronic constraint in Arabic.
The Canadian Journal of Linguistics /La Revue Canadienne de Linguistique, 56 (2), 229–246. Retrieved from
http://doi.org/10.1353/cjl.2011.0022.
Multaqa Aɧl At-tafsiir (2013). Retrieved from https://vb.tafsir.net/
Myers, S. (1994). OCP effects on optimality theory. Natural Language and LinguisticTheory, 15, 847-892.
Neijt, A. (2002). The interference of writing and grammar. In N. Marten (E.d), The relation of writing to spoken language (pp.11-36). Tubingen: Niemeyer.
Parker, S. (2002). Quantifing the sonority hierarchy (Doctoral dissertation). University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Peng, L. (2013). Analysing sound patterns: An introductionto phonology. New yourk, USA: Cambridge university press.
Prince, A. & Tesar, B. (2004). Learnability in Optimality Theory. In J. McCarthy (E.d), Optimality theory in phonology (pp.118-140). Blackwell publishing: USA.
Rahim, A. & Younis, U. (2013). Assimilation in Classical Arabic. Adab Al-Rafidayn, 66, 1-24.
Rules and constraint: derivational vs. contstraint-based approaches to phonology (n.d.). [PDF file]. Retrieved from http://www.sfu.ca/~mcrobbie/Ling221/%239.pdf.
Salem, H. (2005). Phonological processes in connected speech in colloquial Egytian Arabic. In Al Hawary, M. & Benmamoun, E. (Eds.), Perspectives on Arabic linguistics XVII–XVIII (69–85). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Semaan, K. (1962). Tajwid as a source in phonetic research. Wiener Zeitschrift fur die kunde des Morganlandes, 58, 112- 120.
Sibawayh, A. (n.d). Al-kitaab (vol.4). A. M. Haruun (Ed.). Cairo, Egypt: Al-khaangi Library.
Steriade, D. (1995). Underspecification and markedness. In John A. G. (Ed.), The handbook of phonological theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
Suzuki, K. (1998). A typological investigation of dissimilation (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/281-0998/roa-281-suzuki-1.pdf.
Watson, J. (1999). The directionality of emphasis spread in Arabic. Linguistic Inquiry, 30 (2), 289-300.
Yip, M. (1988). The obligatory contour principle and phonological rules: A loss of identity. Linguistic Inquiry, 19 (1), 65-100.
Youssef, I. (2013). Place assimilation in Arabic: Contrasts, Features, and Constraints (Doctoral dissertation). University of Tromso. Retrieved from ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/001915/current.pdf.
We thank Prof. John J. McCarthy, University of Massachusetts Amherst, for his assistance with methodology and his comments that greatly improved this work.